Mathematical  Culture and Thought

Mathematical Culture and Thought

Ultrafilters in Mathematics: An Overview

Document Type : Review

Authors
1 Ph.D. in pure mathematics from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
2 Pure Mathematics Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
Ultrafilter appears as an utmost applicable concept in numerous branches of
mathematics including logic, algebra, topology, nonstandard analysis, and functional
analysis. In this article, regarding the properties and applications of ultrafilters, we
intend to identify the structure of this concept specially in functional analysis. To this
end, ultrafilters are investigated in terms of set theory, measure theory, Stone-Cech
compactification, nonstandard analysis and functional analysis which enable us to describe
this concept from various perspectives.
Keywords

Subjects


[1]‎Arens‎, ‎R.‎, The adjoint of a bilinear operation‎,

‎ Proc‎. ‎Amer‎. ‎Math‎. ‎Soc., ‎2 (1951)‎, ‎839-848‎.

[2]‎ Bell‎, ‎J‎. ‎L.‎, ‎Fremlin‎, ‎D‎. ‎H.‎,

‎ A geometric form of the axiom of choice‎,

‎ Fund‎. ‎Math., 77 (1972)‎, ‎167-170‎.

[3]‎Cartan‎, ‎H.‎,‎ Filtres et ultrafiltres‎,

‎C‎. ‎R‎. ‎Acad‎. ‎Sci‎. ‎Paris, ‎205 (1937)‎, ‎777-779‎.

[4]‎Chang‎, ‎C‎. ‎C.‎, ‎Keisler‎, ‎H‎. ‎J.‎,

‎Model Theory, ‎3rd‎. ‎ed.‎, ‎North-Holland Publishing Co.‎, ‎Amsterdam‎, ‎1990‎ .

[5]‎Dales‎, ‎H‎. ‎G.‎,‎Banach Algebras and Automatic Continuity,

‎ Clarendon Press‎, ‎Oxford‎, ‎2000‎.

[6]‎Daws‎, ‎M.‎, ‎ Ultrapowers of Banach algebras and modules‎,

‎ Glasg‎. ‎Math‎. ‎J., ‎50 (2008)‎, ‎539-555‎.

[7]‎Dineen‎, ‎S.‎,‎ Complete holomorphic vector fields on the second dual of a Banach space‎,

‎ Math‎. ‎Scand., ‎59 (1986)‎, ‎131-142‎.

[8]‎Faal‎, ‎R.‎,‎ The Second Dual of the Algebra of Bounded Operators and Tensor Products‎,

‎Master`s thesis‎, ‎Ferdowsi University of Mashhad‎, ‎2013‎.

[9]‎Faal‎, ‎R.‎, ‎Ebrahimi Vishki‎, ‎H‎. ‎R.‎,‎ More on the Arens regularity of B(X)‎,

‎ Bull‎. ‎Austral‎. ‎Math‎. ‎Soc., 94 (2016)‎, ‎296-303‎.

[10]Faal, R., Ebrahimi Vishki, H. R., Dean’s identity and the principal of local reflexivity,

[11]Godefroy, G., Iochum, B., Arens-regularity of Banach algebras and the geometry of Banach spaces
J. Funct. Anal., 80 (1988), 47–59.

[12]Goldblatt, R., Lectures on the Hyperreals; an Introduction to Nonstandard Analysis, Springer-
Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol.188, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.

[13]Hamilton, A. G., Logic for Mathematicians, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988

[14]Harlpern,J. D., Levy, A., The Boolean prime ideal theorem does not imply the axiom of choice,
axiomatic set theory part 1, Proc. Symp. Pure Math., 13 (1971), 83–134.

[16]Hindman, N., Strauss, D., Algebra in the Stone-C￿ech Compactification- Theory and Applications,
Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2012.

[17]Iochum, B., Loupias, G., Remarks on the bidual of Banach algebra (the C* case), Annales scientifiques
de l’Universitй de Clermont-Ferrand, sйrie Mathйmatiques, 27 (1991), 107-118.

[18]Iochum, B., Loupias, G., Arens regularity and local reflexivity principle for Banach algebras,
Math. Ann., 284 (1989), 23–40.

[19]Jech, T. J., The Axiom of Choice, Dover Books on Mathematics, Dover, New York, 2008.

[20]Kirman, A., Sondermann, D., Arrow’s theorem, many agents, and invisible dictators, J. Econ.
Theory, 5 (1972), 267–277.

[21]Khosravi, A. A., Ebrahimi Vishki, H. R., Peralta, M., Aron-Berner extensions of triple maps with
applications to the bidual of Jordan Banach triple system.

[22]Łoś, J., Ryll-Nardzewski, C., On the application of Tychonoff’s theorem in mathematical proofs,
Studia Math., 38 (1951) 233–237.

[23]Luxemburg, W. A. J., Two applications of the method of construction by ultrapowers to analysis,
Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 68 (1962), 416–419.

[24]Luxemburg, W. A. J., Reduced powers of the real number system and equivalents of the Hahn-
Banach extension theorem, in Appl. Model Theory Algebra, Anal., Probab., Proc. Int. Sympos.
Calif. Inst. Technol., 1969, 123–137.

[25]Martínez-Abejón, A., An elementary proof of the principle of local reflexivity, Proc. Amer. Math.
Soc., 127 (1999), 1397–1398.

[26]Pincus, D., Independence of the prime ideal theorem from the Hahn Banach theorem, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc., 78 (1972), 766–770.

[27]Pincus, D., The strength of the Hahn-Banach theorem, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 369,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974, 203–248.

[28]Tao, T., Hilbert’s Fifth Problem and Related Topics, American Mathematical Society, Providence
RI, 2014.

[29]Vaught, L. R., Alfred Tarski’s work in model theory J. Symbolic Logic, 51 (1986), 869–882.

[30]Wang‎, ‎H.‎,‎A logical Journey‎: ‎From Godel to Philosophy,

‎ Bradford Book‎, ‎Massachusetts‎, ‎1977‎.

[1]‎Arens‎, ‎R.‎, The adjoint of a bilinear operation‎,
‎ Proc‎. ‎Amer‎. ‎Math‎. ‎Soc., ‎2 (1951)‎, ‎839-848‎.
[2]‎Bell‎, ‎J‎. ‎L.‎, ‎Fremlin‎, ‎D‎. ‎H.‎,
‎ A geometric form of the axiom of choice‎,
‎ Fund‎. ‎Math., 77 (1972)‎, ‎167-170‎.
[3]‎Cartan‎, ‎H.‎,
‎ Filtres et ultrafiltres‎,
‎C‎. ‎R‎. ‎Acad‎. ‎Sci‎. ‎Paris, ‎205 (1937)‎, ‎777-779‎.
[4]‎Chang‎, ‎C‎. ‎C.‎, ‎Keisler‎, ‎H‎. ‎J.‎,
‎Model Theory, ‎3rd‎. ‎ed.‎,
‎North-Holland Publishing Co.‎, ‎Amsterdam‎, ‎1990‎ .
[5]‎Dales‎, ‎H‎. ‎G.‎,‎Banach Algebras and Automatic Continuity,
‎ Clarendon Press‎, ‎Oxford‎, ‎2000‎.
[6]‎Daws‎, ‎M.‎,
‎ Ultrapowers of Banach algebras and modules‎,
‎ Glasg‎. ‎Math‎. ‎J., ‎50 (2008)‎, ‎539-555‎.
[7]‎Dineen‎, ‎S.‎,‎ Complete holomorphic vector fields on the second dual of a Banach space‎,
‎ Math‎. ‎Scand., ‎59 (1986)‎, ‎131-142‎.
[8]‎Faal‎, ‎R.‎,‎ The Second Dual of the Algebra of Bounded Operators and Tensor Products‎,
‎Master`s thesis‎, ‎Ferdowsi University of Mashhad‎, ‎2013‎.
[9]‎Faal‎, ‎R.‎, ‎Ebrahimi Vishki‎, ‎H‎. ‎R.‎,‎ More on the Arens regularity of B(X)‎,
‎ Bull‎. ‎Austral‎. ‎Math‎. ‎Soc., 94 (2016)‎, ‎296-303‎.
[10]Faal, R., Ebrahimi Vishki, H. R., Dean’s identity and the principal of local reflexivity,
[11]Godefroy, G., Iochum, B., Arens-regularity of Banach algebras and the geometry of Banach spaces
J. Funct. Anal., 80 (1988), 47–59.
[12]Goldblatt, R., Lectures on the Hyperreals; an Introduction to Nonstandard Analysis, Springer-
Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol.188, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.
[13]Hamilton, A. G., Logic for Mathematicians, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988
[14]Harlpern,J. D., Levy, A., The Boolean prime ideal theorem does not imply the axiom of choice,
axiomatic set theory part 1, Proc. Symp. Pure Math., 13 (1971), 83–134.
[16]Hindman, N., Strauss, D., Algebra in the Stone-C￿ech Compactification- Theory and Applications,
Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2012.
[17]Iochum, B., Loupias, G., Remarks on the bidual of Banach algebra (the C* case), Annales scientifiques
de l’Universitй de Clermont-Ferrand, sйrie Mathйmatiques, 27 (1991), 107-118.
[18]Iochum, B., Loupias, G., Arens regularity and local reflexivity principle for Banach algebras,
Math. Ann., 284 (1989), 23–40.
[19]Jech, T. J., The Axiom of Choice, Dover Books on Mathematics, Dover, New York, 2008.
[20]Kirman, A., Sondermann, D., Arrow’s theorem, many agents, and invisible dictators, J. Econ.
Theory, 5 (1972), 267–277.
[21]Khosravi, A. A., Ebrahimi Vishki, H. R., Peralta, M., Aron-Berner extensions of triple maps with
applications to the bidual of Jordan Banach triple system.
[22]Łoś, J., Ryll-Nardzewski, C., On the application of Tychonoff’s theorem in mathematical proofs,
Studia Math., 38 (1951) 233–237.
[23]Luxemburg, W. A. J., Two applications of the method of construction by ultrapowers to analysis,
Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 68 (1962), 416–419.
[24]Luxemburg, W. A. J., Reduced powers of the real number system and equivalents of the Hahn-
Banach extension theorem, in Appl. Model Theory Algebra, Anal., Probab., Proc. Int. Sympos.
Calif. Inst. Technol., 1969, 123–137.
[25]Martínez-Abejón, A., An elementary proof of the principle of local reflexivity, Proc. Amer. Math.
Soc., 127 (1999), 1397–1398.
[26]Pincus, D., Independence of the prime ideal theorem from the Hahn Banach theorem, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc., 78 (1972), 766–770.
[27]Pincus, D., The strength of the Hahn-Banach theorem, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 369,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974, 203–248.
[28]Tao, T., Hilbert’s Fifth Problem and Related Topics, American Mathematical Society, Providence
RI, 2014.
[29]Vaught, L. R., Alfred Tarski’s work in model theory J. Symbolic Logic, 51 (1986), 869–882.
[30]Wang‎, ‎H.‎,‎A logical Journey‎: ‎From Godel to Philosophy,
‎ Bradford Book‎, ‎Massachusetts‎, ‎1977‎.
 

  • Receive Date 29 January 2019
  • Revise Date 21 July 2019
  • Accept Date 24 July 2019
  • Publish Date 23 October 2022